Gender Inequality and the Oppression of Women within Minangkabau Matrilineal Society: A Case Study of the Management of Ulayat Forest Land in Nagari Bonjol, Dharmasraya District, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia

CLAIM CONNECTIONS / 32

Where this source is used

• The Bonjol study examined agency records.

  • supports · p. 27, first paragraph

• Mutolib and colleagues attribute women’s weak influence partly to limited education.

  • supports · pp. 38–40, ‘Why are Melayu Women Oppressed?’, enumerated explanations
  • qualifies · pp. 26–27, reported cross-sectional methods and sample

• The Bundo Kanduang role described in the Bonjol study does not establish that every woman controlled ulayat decisions.

  • qualifies · p. 30, paragraph beginning ‘The most important role’; p. 33, first paragraph

• The Bonjol authors describe Bundo Kanduang as a respected senior maternal figure who could advise customary leaders.

  • supports · p. 30, paragraph beginning ‘The most important role’

• When a forest concession ended in 2002, Melayu-clan leaders and state and company actors negotiated access to land claimed both as state forest and ulayat.

  • supports · p. 29, paragraph beginning ‘The area was formerly’

• A Datuak, or titled customary leader, and mamak kepala waris, maternal-kin property managers, managed the Melayu clan’s ulayat rather than owning it personally.

  • supports · p. 32, paragraph beginning ‘Control over ulayat land’

• Mutolib and colleagues attribute women’s weak influence partly to early marriage.

  • supports · p. 39, subsection ‘Early Marriage’

• The Bonjol authors describe harta pusaka as ancestral property transmitted through the female line.

  • supports · p. 33, first paragraph

• A group of five Melayu women described anger about the land dispute.

  • supports · pp. 36–37, block quotation attributed to five Melayu women

• A group of five Melayu women described lost income from the contested land practices.

  • supports · pp. 36–37, block quotation attributed to five Melayu women

• A group of five Melayu women described being unable to influence male kin who represented the clan publicly.

  • supports · pp. 36–37, block quotation attributed to five Melayu women

• Mutolib and colleagues attribute women’s weak influence partly to the lack of a forum for women.

  • supports · p. 40, subsection ‘No Forum for Women’

• Mutolib and colleagues attribute women’s weak influence partly to gender norms.

  • supports · p. 40, subsection discussing patriarchal culture

• The Bonjol study’s small cross-sectional design cannot isolate the effects of the causes proposed by its authors.

  • qualifies · pp. 26–27, reported cross-sectional methods and sample

• In the Bonjol study, women’s inherited claims did not confer the authority held by male officeholders to negotiate forest access.

  • supports · p. 33, first paragraph

• The Bonjol study interviewed 13 key informants.

  • supports · p. 26, ‘Data Collection Technique’, first paragraph

• The authors report that the recipient list excluded many Melayu-clan members.

  • supports · p. 36, first two paragraphs

• The Bonjol study conducted participant observation from January through April 2016.

  • supports · pp. 26–27, ‘Methodology’, ‘Data Collection Technique’, and ‘Data Analysis’

• The authors report that the recipient list favored signatories’ relatives and associates.

  • supports · p. 36, first two paragraphs

• The study reports that male signatories controlled the recipient list for the promised smallholdings.

  • supports · p. 35, ‘Manipulation of NESHP Plot Distribution’, final paragraph

• An agreement negotiated by male clan representatives called for 1,000 hectares of oil-palm smallholdings to be divided into two-hectare plots for 500 Bonjol households as compensation for transferred land.

  • supports · p. 35, ‘Manipulation of NESHP Plot Distribution’, first paragraph

• The authors report that forest land opened for cultivation became harta pusaka, rendered harato pusako in their article.

  • supports · p. 32, final paragraph continuing onto p. 33

• Mutolib and colleagues attribute women’s weak influence partly to dependence on male customary representatives.

  • supports · p. 40, subsection discussing dependence on male clan representatives

• Blackwood argues from one late-twentieth-century village that formal titles alone did not describe the distribution of gendered power.

  • qualifies · p. 41, ‘Discussion’, first paragraph

• Key informants reported that male customary officeholders facilitated transactions giving officials and other outsiders access to large areas of Melayu-clan ulayat.

  • supports · pp. 33–35, ‘Selling Ulayat Forest Land’, tables 1–2

• The authors describe the reported outsider transactions as contrary to the customary rule governing Melayu-clan ulayat.

  • supports · p. 33, ‘Selling Ulayat Forest Land’, first paragraph

• The authors explicitly caution that findings about Melayu-clan forest management in Bonjol should not be generalized to ulayat practice or women’s position across Minangkabau communities.

  • supports · p. 41, ‘Discussion’, first paragraph

• The Bonjol study reports that decentralization ended desa administration around 2000 and Bonjol became a separate nagari.

  • supports · p. 29, paragraph beginning ‘After the regional autonomy’

• The study describes Melayu-clan ulayat as collectively held land to which clan members could seek access.

  • supports · p. 31, ‘Land Control in the Melayu Clan of Nagari Bonjol’, first paragraph

• The Bonjol study reports a random household sample of 27 married women.

  • supports · p. 27, first paragraph

• Researchers report that many women declined to discuss the contested land practices.

  • supports · p. 36, ‘Melayu Women: When Matters Are More Precious Than Kinship’, second paragraph

• The Bonjol authors caution that matrilineal inheritance in their case did not make women equal participants in decisions over communal forest resources.

  • supports · p. 41, ‘Discussion’, first paragraph