Communism can refer to a classless social ideal, a revolutionary tradition or movement, a party identity, or a label claimed for historical institutions, and those referents must be evaluated separately.
The modern communist traditions represented in these sources formed within nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century socialist debates over class, property, political organization, and revolution.
Socialism names a contested family of ideals, institutional proposals, and strategies for changing capitalist social relations rather than one settled blueprint.
- supports · introduction and book abstract
Newman's history treats socialism as a changing global tradition whose relationships with communism, social democracy, gender, ethnicity, and environmental movements differ across places and periods.
- supports · chapters 2–5 and book abstract
Newman identifies egalitarianism, solidarity, cooperation, and confidence in conscious human agency as recurring commitments across otherwise different socialisms.
- supports · introduction, pp. 1–5